循环水养殖系统（RAS）生物载体上微生物群落结构变化分析

为研究循环水养殖系统(recirculating aquaculture systems,RAS)生物滤池挂膜及运行过程中生物载体上微生物群落结构的变化及其脱氮机制,采用传统微生物培养方法,对不同时期生物载体上的异养细菌、氨氧化细菌及硝化菌进行堵养计数.并通过变性梯度凝胶电泳技术,对细菌的16S rDNA V3可变区的...     

北京市大气中挥发性有机物的组成特征

采用预浓缩—GC-MS方法分析了北京市大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的组成,共检测出108种,其主要成分是饱和烷烃(33%)、芳香烃(21%)、烯烃(16%)、卤代烷烃(20%)、卤代烯烃(9%)和卤代芳香烃(1%),总VOCs平均质量浓度为(163 7±39 0)μg m3。更重要的是,在检出物中有54种是有毒有害的物质,主要成分是苯系物和卤代烃,其中苯,甲苯,丙烯,1,3-丁二烯,氯乙烯和1,2-二氯乙烷是含量最高的组分。      

Hydrodynamic Modeling Improves Green River Reconnection with Floodplain Wetlands for Endangered Fish Species Recovery

We performed two‐dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic modeling to aid recovery of the endangered razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) by reconnecting the Green River with its historic bottomland floodplain wetlands at Ouray National Wildlife Refuge, Utah. Reconnection allows spring flood flows to overtop the river levee every two to three years, and passively transport razorback sucker larvae to the wetlands to grow in critical habitat. This study includes (1) river hydrologic analysis, (2) simulation of a levee breach/weir, overtopping of river flood flows, and 2D flow through the wetlands using Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System 2D, and (3) modeling flow and restoration scenarios. Indicators of hydrologic alteration were used to evaluate river flow metrics, in particular flood magnitudes, frequency, and duration. Results showed a target spring flow of 16,000 cfs (453 m³/s) and a levee breach elevation of 4,663 ft (1,421 m) amsl would result in a median flow >6,000 acre‐feet (7.4 million m³) over five days into the wetlands, which is adequate for razorback sucker larvae transport and rearing. Modeling of flow/restoration scenarios showed using gated water control structures and passive low‐water crossings between wetland units can provide adequate control of flow movement into and storage in multiple units. Levee breaching can be a relatively simple, cost‐effective method to reconnect rivers and historic floodplains, and hydrodynamic modeling is an important tool for analyzing and designing wetland reconnection.     

预浓缩-气质联用法测定高山大气中氯氟烃

建立了预浓缩-气相色谱/质谱联用技术,同时检测高山大气中二氟二氯甲烷、四氟二氯乙烷、一氟三氯甲烷、三氟三氯乙烷的分析方法。4种物质的检出限分别为0.013、0.022、0.021、0.030μg/m~3,相对标准偏差在5.6%以下,标准曲线相关系数大于0.996,加标回收率为93.2%~98.3%。对庐山大气进行监测,结果表明,庐山大气中4种氯氟烃的浓度均高于武夷山和湖北神龙架大气背景点,庐山大气中CFC-11、CFC-113的浓度接近于泰山和贡嘎山的浓度。     

Green pre-concentration techniques during pesticide analysis in food samples

The ever-increasing demand for determining pesticides at low concentration levels in different food matrices requires a preliminary step of pre-concentration which is considered a crucial stage. Recently, the parameter of “greenness” during sample pre-concentration of pesticides in food matrices is as important as selectivity in order to avoid using harmful organic solvents during sample preparation. Developing new green pre-concentration techniques is one of the key subjects. Thus, to reduce the impact on the environment during trace analysis of pesticides in food matrices, new developments in pre-concentration have gone in three separate directions: the search for more environmentally friendly solvents, miniaturization and development of solvent-free pre-concentration techniques. Eco-friendly solvents such as supercritical fluids, ionic liquids and natural deep eutectic solvents have been developed for use as extraction solvents during pre-concentration of pesticides in food matrices. Also, miniaturized pre-concentration techniques such as QuEChERS, dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction and hollow-fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction have been used during trace analysis of pesticides in food samples as well as solvent-free techniques such as solid-phase micro-extraction and stir bar sorptive extraction. All these developments which are aimed at ensuring that pesticide pre-concentration in different food matrices is green are critically reviewed in this paper.     

耦合回流污泥预浓缩系统的新型氧化沟工艺强化除磷

针对传统的"厌氧+氧化沟"运行模式对低碳源污水除磷能力不佳的问题,采用耦合回流污泥预浓缩系统的新型氧化沟工艺对其强化除磷进行了中试实验研究。通过采用回流污泥预浓缩系统,调试回流污泥浓缩比,提高系统的除磷能力。研究结果表明,在控制最佳回流污泥浓缩比为55%的情况下,出水TP浓度和去除率分别为0.92 mg/L和67.5%,相比于浓缩比为100%、70%、50%和30%的工况,其去除率分别增加了24.3%、27.3%、8.2%和28.6%,强化了系统的除磷效果。另外,ORP可以预示预缺氧池内无效释磷和反硝化程度,以此作为自动调整最佳回流污泥浓缩比的控制参数。     

基于投入产出的中国行业碳排放及减排效果模拟

基于投入产出模型对中国30个行业的碳排放和相互流动进行评估,在利用双比例尺度法对投入产出数据进行更新的基础上,针对不同目标情景下的行业减排效果进行模拟。结果表明：1）行业间的碳排放流动普遍存在,30个行业中有24个高碳型,其中12个全过程型、1个表观高碳型和11个传导型;2）碳排放流动网络中的关键节点行业有煤炭采选业、石油天然气采选业、化学产品业、金属冶炼和压延加工业、电力生产供应业和交通运输仓储邮政业,其处于网络中心地位;3）行业间技术经济联系变动引起的减排幅度为12.43%,最终需求规模上升引起碳排放上升幅度在70%~90%左右;生产排放系数下调10%的减排效果为8.76%,下调15%带来的可能减排效果为13.14%。通过行业减排目标控制的减排政策效果不太显著,但随着政策目标的严格程度上升有所改善。研究结论有利于中国差异化行业减排对策的制定。     

空气预浓缩气相色谱/质谱法测定南京环境空气中二硫化碳

采用不锈钢采样罐采集全量空气样品,使用空气预浓缩冷冻的方法从空气样品中提取二硫化碳,经气相色谱/质谱仪测定,判断确定空气恶臭物质的种类和污染来源。方法的最低检测浓度为0.003mg/m3,能够满足中国(TJ36-79)居住区大气中有害物质二硫化碳的最高容许浓度0.04mg/m3(一次值)标准的测定要求。     

气质联用法测定空气中挥发性有机物的方法研究

通过美国Entech公司Summa罐采集大气样品,7100型大气预浓缩系统提取和富集样品中的挥发性有机物,省去了繁琐的有机物提取和净化工序,避免和有机溶剂接触,将样品直接输入气质联机进行分析。利用这种方法定性分析了某油罐区的大气成分．结果表明该地区大气中含有成分复杂的环己烷、苯和萘的衍生物,这些化合物的浓度远远大于居民区同类化合物的含量。     

气质联用法测定空气中挥发性有机物的方法研究

通过美国Entech公司Summa罐采集大气样品,7100型大气预浓缩系统提取和富集样品中的挥发性有机物,省去了繁琐的有机物提取和净化工序,避免和有机溶剂接触,将样品直接输入气质联机进行分析。利用这种方法定性分析了某油罐区的大气成分,结果表明该地区大气中含有成分复杂的环己烷、苯和萘的衍生物,这些化合物的浓度远远大于居民区同类化合物的含量。